这套练习涵盖论证结构单元的五项技能:精确论点、证据与解释、顺序、有保留的结论和修改。题目由易到难。请先写出自己的答案,再打开详解。
示例和数字都是为练习而虚构的。答案可以有很多,请比较你的推理,而不是措辞。
题目
1. 精确还是模糊? 哪一个论点更精确:(a) “Sleep matters.” (b) “Teenagers who sleep fewer than seven hours concentrate less well in morning lessons.”
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(b)。 它指明了人群、条件和结果,别人也可以反驳它。(a) 太宽,一个段落无法捍卫。
2. 收窄范围。 把 “Cities have too much traffic” 改成一个能在一个段落里捍卫的论点。
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示例:Cities should charge drivers to enter the centre at peak hours, because the charge cuts congestion where it is worst. 它加入了措施、时间和理由。其他写法也可以成立。
3. 两个论点合在一起。 “Libraries should open later, and they should also buy more e-books.” 作者该怎么办?
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这是两个论点。让每个论点各占一段,或选择文章最需要的那个。一个段落无法同时好好证明两者。
4. 证据还是解释? 为每句话标注:(a) “Attendance rose from 40 to 50 students.” (b) “The rise suggests evening sessions suit students who work after school.”
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(a) 是证据。(b) 是解释,因为它说明这个变化对论点意味着什么。
5. 百分比证据。 在一项(虚构的)60 名学生的调查中,45 人说没有音乐时复习得更好。写出带百分比的证据句,再为论点 “Quiet study rooms should be available in school.” 写一句解释。
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45 ÷ 60 = 0.75,所以是 75%。
证据:In a survey of 60 students, 45 (75%) said they revise better without music.
解释:This suggests that three in four students need a low-noise setting, so a room without sound is a service for most of them and not a luxury.
6. 找出重复。 “Ten of the twelve teachers agreed. This shows that most teachers agree.” 为什么第二句很弱?
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它只是用文字重述了那个数字,没有说明这种一致意见为什么对作者的论点重要。应换成推理,例如负责授课的人们高度一致,给这项提议带来了实际可行的可信度。
7. 排列提纲。 论点:(A) a school garden teaches students where food comes from. (B) Gardens need land and staff time. (C) Students who grow food are more willing to eat vegetables. 为”学校应该有花园”的论证排序,并说明你用了哪种模式。
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一个合理的顺序:A、C、B。模式:先说它教什么,再说效果,最后回应反对意见。只要能说明理由,其他顺序也可以。成本这一段应放在好处建立之后,并紧跟一个回应。
8. 为结尾加保留。 改写:“Homework should never be set, because it is always harmful.”
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示例:Homework should be limited in the early years of secondary school, provided that any task set has a clear purpose. 它保持立场,去掉了 “never” 和 “always”,并加入一个条件。
9. 错在哪里? “Some canteens now sell fruit. So schools clearly want students to eat less sugar. Therefore canteens should ban sweets.” 推理的哪一部分出了问题?
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证据(卖水果)并不能说明想减少糖分,最后一句又跳到了禁令。“so” 和 “therefore” 遮住了缺口。作者需要关于糖本身的证据,并解释为什么应是禁令而不是别的措施。
10. 修改段落。 Reading fiction improves students’ empathy. Novels are cheap at second-hand shops. Many libraries lend them free. So fiction helps students feel for others. 选一条路线修改,并说明是哪一条。
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这些例子讲的是费用,不是同理心。
路线 A(改论点):Reading fiction is an affordable habit. Second-hand shops sell novels cheaply and libraries lend them free, so cost need not stop a student from reading for pleasure.
路线 B(改例子):Reading fiction improves students’ empathy, because a novel puts the reader inside another person’s choices. A student who follows a character through a hard decision has to imagine a view that is not their own, and repeating this builds the habit of doing so in real life.
如果你做错了
| 问题 | 去看 |
|---|---|
| 论点太宽,或一次提出两个论点(1、2、3) | 围绕精确论点写一个段落 |
| 有数字或例子却没有推理(4、5、6) | 连接证据与解释 |
| 提纲像一份清单(7) | 为论证安排连贯的推进顺序 |
| 结尾过于大胆或过于犹豫(8) | 写一个有保留的结论 |
| “so” 或 “therefore” 遮住缺口;例子不匹配(9、10) | 修改例子没有支持论点的段落 |
把每个错误记在错题记录与重测队列里,再用新话题重写一个版本。摘要选点与转述工作室和写作修改对比视图可以支持进一步的练习。
如果同样的错误在几次尝试后仍然出现,英语第一语言线上一对一补习让老师陪你阅读你的段落,并布置下一个任务。