精准的证据,是能证明你的诠释的最短引文,再加上对它如何证明的解释。几乎每一道要求你表达看法的阅读题都会用到它,它与推断直接相连,也是精读与证据的其他部分的基础。
怎样选择精准的证据?
分三步进行。
- 用一句清楚的话写出你的诠释。 例如 “the lake has been neglected”。
- 扫描承载这个意思的词语。 找动词、形容词和意象,而不是找最近的那一整句。
- 把引文修剪到仍能证明观点的最小片段,然后解释这些确切的词语暗示了什么。
一个有用的检验:把你的解释遮住,只看引文,它是否仍然指向你的诠释?如果不是,就重新挑选。
例题详解
请读下面这段原创短文。
The lake had been the village’s pride for a century. Now a green film spread across its surface, and the fishermen’s boats lay tipped on the bank, their nets drying into stiff knots. Children no longer dared to swim. Only the old heron still stood in the shallows, patient and unbothered.
题目: How does the writer show that the lake is no longer cared for?
诠释: 湖已经被污染并遭到遗弃。
证据一: “a green film spread across its surface”。“film”一词暗示水面有一层污垢,所以水是脏的。
证据二: “nets drying into stiff knots”。渔网没有被使用或修补,说明渔民已经放弃。
The writer shows the lake has been neglected. A “green film” has “spread across its surface”, which suggests pollution covering the water. The fishermen’s “nets drying into stiff knots” suggests they have stopped working there because it is no longer worth it.
每处引文都是简短的短语,而且每一处后面都说明了它暗示什么。
要留意的错误
常见的错误,是选了与观点不符的引文,或引文太长,看不出重点在哪里。
Weak answer: The lake is no longer cared for. “Only the old heron still stood in the shallows, patient and unbothered.”
关于苍鹭的那句话写的是一只留下来的鸟,并不能说明湖被忽视,而且它是一整句。这位学生的诠释是对的,却把它连到了指向别处的词语上。
改正的方法是找承载“被忽视”的词语:污染(“green film”)和遗弃(“nets drying into stiff knots”),再把每处引文修剪到这些词语。对每一处引文都问:这个确切的短语显示了什么来支持我的观点?
自我检测
请根据上面的短文作答。
1. Choose the best short quotation to show that the village no longer uses the lake for leisure.
Show answer
“Children no longer dared to swim.” 还可以进一步缩短为 “no longer dared to swim”。这个短语同时显示了变化(“no longer”)和恐惧(“dared”)。
2. A student quotes “The lake had been the village’s pride for a century” to show neglect. What is wrong?
Show answer
这句话显示的是湖在过去如何受重视,而不是现在如何被对待。它可以支持一种对比(过去受尊重,现在被忽视),但前提是学生还要引用一处现在的细节。
3. Trim this quotation to the key words for “the boats have been abandoned”: “the fishermen’s boats lay tipped on the bank”.
Show answer
“lay tipped on the bank” 显示船被倾倒在岸边,没有系好或使用。“fishermen’s boats”只说明船是谁的,在这里不是重点。
接下来学什么
有了精准的证据后,继续学习说明隐含态度,那里的引文不仅要显示事实,还要显示感受。写作修订对比视图很适合用来比较一个冗长的初稿和修剪后的第二版。
如果你的诠释很扎实,分数却没有跟上,老师可以指出每个答案中真正起作用的是哪些词。我们的老师在一对一线上 English First Language 补习中就是这样做的。