关于告示、传单和广告的阅读题,很多并不是问主要事实,而是考你有没有注意到附在它后面的条件(condition):谁可以做某事、什么时候,以及还要满足什么才行。
这项技能是专项信息阅读的第一步,之后才是日期、指代和干扰项。
什么是条件?怎样发现它?
条件是限制规则的小词或短语。事实仍然在句子里,但现在只适用于更少的人或更少的情况。
留意这些信号:only, unless, if, provided that, as long as, except, must, cannot, at least, no more than。看到其中一个,就停下来问:“它限制了谁或什么?”
扫读的方法
- 先读题目,在人物、动作和数字下面画线。
- 扫读告示,找的是这些主题词,不是答案本身。
- 细读匹配处的整句话,还要读下一句,因为条件常出现在后面的从句里。
- 圈出条件词,把这个人的每项情况逐一对照。
- 只回答告示允许的内容,不是看起来合理的内容。
例题
Kampung Seri Library: Holiday Robot Workshop Children aged 10 to 13 may join the robot-building workshop on Saturday 14 June. Places are free for library members. Non-members pay RM15. Please bring a laptop if possible. The library can lend up to ten laptops, but only to members who reserve one in advance. Doors open at 9.30 a.m. Latecomers arriving after 10.00 a.m. cannot be admitted.
题目: Nadia is 12 and is not a library member. She has no laptop. Can she borrow one from the library on the day, and what will she pay to join?
第 1 步,给人物画线: 12 岁,不是会员,没有笔记本电脑。
第 2 步,扫读 “laptop”: 找到这句:“The library can lend up to ten laptops, but only to members who reserve one in advance.”
第 3 步,找条件: “only to members” 和 “reserve one in advance”。Nadia 两项都不符合。
第 4 步,扫读费用: 非会员付 RM15。Nadia 的年龄在 10 到 13 岁之内,所以她可以参加。
答案: 不能借笔记本电脑。她参加需付 RM15。
要避开的错误
错误答案: “Yes, she can borrow one, because the library can lend up to ten laptops.”
这个学生停在了主要事实上。句中的 but 是一个信号,表示后面有限制,而这个限制把 Nadia 排除在可借的人之外。
改正的方法很简单:找到主要事实后,读到句号,再问:“这里有 but、only、unless 或 if 吗?”
自我检测
三道题都用这则告示。
Taman Harmoni Pool. The pool is closed on Mondays except during school holidays. Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Lockers need a RM1 coin, which is returned when the key is handed back.
1. A 10-year-old wants to swim on a Tuesday during term time. Can she go alone?
显示答案
不能。Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult,而她只有 10 岁。星期几不是问题,因为泳池只在星期一关闭。
2. Is the pool open on a Monday in the school holidays?
显示答案
开放。告示说星期一关闭,except during school holidays,所以这个例外让它开放。
3. A swimmer uses a locker and hands the key back. How much does the locker cost in the end?
显示答案
不用花钱。RM1 硬币在归还钥匙时退回,所以只要归还钥匙,费用就是 RM0。
接下来学什么
熟悉条件之后,下一项技能是区分日期与截止日期,因为告示常常同时出现好几个日期。然后可以用综合练习测试自己。摘要选择与改写工作室适合用来练习只挑出题目需要的要点。
如果你在课堂上看得懂告示,限时阅读时却总因小词丢分,这正是我们的老师会在线上一对一 English as a Second Language 补习中留意的模式。