语域(register) 是你为特定读者选择的正式程度。当你写给学校、议会或公司这类机构时,读者是不认识你、时间有限的成年人,所以语域应该是正式、清楚而尊重的。
这项技能位于audience, purpose and register模块的开头,也是之后演讲和文章题的基础。
本页的例句保持英文,因为 IGCSE First Language English 考试用英文作答。解释则用中文。
什么让语域变得正式?
当读者是机构时,有四件事会改变。
- 词汇: 选精确的词(request、concerned、improve),不用随意的词(ask for、worried about、sort out)。
- 句式: 用完整句子,避免 don’t、can’t 这类缩写。
- 立场: 直接而礼貌地表明观点。不要为写信而道歉,也不要命令对方。
- 目的: 每一段都应该把读者引向你希望他们理解或去做的事。
想象你在和一位能帮到你的陌生人说话。你会冷静、简短、具体,也不会使用和朋友聊天的那些词。
例题详解
题目: 写一封信给校长,请求在考试期间,图书馆于放学后多开放一小时。
第一步,确定读者和目的。 读者:决定学校政策的校长。目的:说服校长延长图书馆开放时间。
第二步,选择开头。 因为我们称呼的是职位而不是认识的人,用 “Dear Principal,” 或 “Dear Sir or Madam,“。然后在第一句说明写信原因。
第三步,写一个带证据和请求的正式段落。
I am writing to ask whether the school library could remain open until 5.00 p.m. during the examination period. At present it closes at 4.00 p.m., and many students who share a computer at home have no quiet place to revise. An extra hour would give them somewhere suitable to work, and I believe it would be used well.
第四步,礼貌地结尾。
Thank you for considering this request. I would be glad to discuss it with you further.
注意这些受控的选择:I am writing to ask、at present、suitable、I believe。每一个都比日常说法稍微正式一点,而且没有一个难读。
要留意的错误
最常见的失误是一开始很正式,写到一半却滑向口语。
错误版本: I am writing to request an extension of library hours. Basically the library shuts way too early and it’s really annoying for people like me who can’t revise at home. You guys should sort it out.
第一句是正式的,但 basically、way too early、really annoying、you guys 和 sort it out 把语气拉低了。读者听到的是抱怨,而不是有理据的请求。
修正版本: I am writing to request an extension of library hours. The library currently closes early, which is difficult for students who cannot revise at home. I would be grateful if the school could consider keeping it open for an extra hour.
事实相同,但语气从头到尾一致。
自我检测
1. 用正式语域改写:“I’m worried about the broken lights in the car park, so please fix them soon.”
Show answer
一个合适的版本:“I am concerned about the faulty lights in the car park, and I would be grateful if they could be repaired soon.” 缩写去掉了,worried 换成 concerned,命令变成礼貌的请求。
2. 在写给议会办公室的信中,哪个短语不合适:“I would like to raise”、“a lot of hassle”、“I would appreciate a reply”?
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“A lot of hassle” 是非正式的。正式的替代说法是 considerable inconvenience。
3. 一位学生写道:“Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing about the noise from the building site. It’s driving us mad.” 找出问题并改正。
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缩写和习语 driving us mad 破坏了语域。改为:“The noise has become a serious disturbance for local residents.”
接下来学什么
下一步是保持同一个想法、改变读者,见为同辈和成年人调整同一个想法。想检测整个课题时,可以做audience, purpose and register 练习。
写作修订对比工具可以帮你并排检查第一稿和第二稿。如果你总是考完试才发现语气问题,我们的老师会在一对一线上 English First Language 补习中专门处理这一点。